Search...

Sunday, June 28, 2020

DIPLOMA COURSES

INDRA GANDHI OPEN UNIVERSITY (IGNOU) 
HOME > IGNOU PROGRAMMS > Diploma Courses

This is a total of 23 courses which comes under Diploma Courses. To know more about them, click on the list below and find out about your mindless course.

Diploma (23) Courses 


  1. Diploma in Aquaculture
  2. Diploma in BPO Finance & Accounting
  3. Diploma in Creative Writing in English
  4. Diploma in Critical Care Nursing
  5. Diploma in Dairy Technology
  6. Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education
  7. Diploma in Elementary Education
  8. Diploma in Event Management
  9. Diploma in Fish Products Technology
  10. Diploma in HIV and Family Education
  11. Diploma in Meat Technology
  12. Diploma in Modern Office Practice
  13. Diploma in Nursing Administration
  14. Diploma in Nutrition and Health Education
  15. Diploma in Panchayat Level Administration & Development
  16. Diploma in Paralegal Practice
  17. Diploma in Production of Value Added Products from Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds
  18. Diploma in Teaching German as a Foreign Language
  19. Diploma in Tourism Studies
  20. Diploma in Urdu
  21. Diploma in Value Added Products from Fruits and Vegetables
  22. Diploma in Watershed Management
  23. Diploma in Women’s Empowerment and Development


Bachelor's Degree

INDRA GANDHI OPEN UNIVERSITY (IGNOU) 
HOME > IGNOU PROGRAMMS > Bachelor's Degree

This is a total of 20 courses which comes under M.Phil. To know more about them, click on the list below and find out about your mindless course.

Bachelor's Degree (20) Courses 


  1. Bachelor's Degree (20)
  2. B. A. Economics Honours
  3. B. Com General
  4. B.A. (Vocational Studies) Tourism Management
  5. Bachelor of Arts
  6. Bachelor of Arts (General)
  7. Bachelor of Arts (General) in Hindi
  8. Bachelor of Arts (General) in Sanskrit
  9. Bachelor of Arts (General) in Urdu
  10. Bachelor of Business Administration in Retailing
  11. Bachelor of Commerce with Major in Accountancy and Finance
  12. Bachelor of Computer Applications
  13. Bachelor of Education
  14. Bachelor of Library and Information Science
  15. Bachelor of Science
  16. Bachelor of Science (Hospitality and Hotel Administration)
  17. Bachelor of Social Work
  18. BCom with Major in Corporate Affairs and Administration
  19. BCom with Major in Financial and Cost Accounting
  20. BSc
  21. BSc Nursing (Post Basic)

Master's Degree Courses

INDRA GANDHI OPEN UNIVERSITY (IGNOU) 
HOME > IGNOU PROGRAMMS > Master's Degree 

This is a total of 37 courses which comes under M.Phil. To know more about them, click on the list below and find out about your mindless course.

Master's Degree (37) Courses 

  1. MA in Distance Education
  2. MA in Distance Education
  3. MA in Gender and Development Studies
  4. MA in Psychology
  5. MA in Translation Studies
  6. Master of Arts (Economics)
  7. Master of Arts (English)
  8. Master of Arts (Hindi)
  9. Master of Arts (History)
  10. Master of Arts (Philosophy)
  11. Master of Arts (Political Science)
  12. Master of Arts (Public Administration)
  13. Master of Arts (Rural Development)
  14. Master of Arts (Sociology)
  15. Master of Arts in Adult Education
  16. Master of Arts in Development Studies
  17. Master of Arts in Extension & Development Studies
  18. Master of Arts in Gandhi and Peace Studies
  19. Master of Arts in Journalism & Mass Communication
  20. Master of Arts in Women’s and Gender Studies
  21. Master of Arts(Education)
  22. Master of Business Administration
  23. Master of Business Administration (Banking & Finance)
  24. Master of Commerce
  25. Master of Commerce in Business Policy and Corporate Governance
  26. Master of Commerce in Finance & Taxation
  27. Master of Commerce in Management Accounting & Financial Strategies
  28. Master of Computer Applications
  29. Master of Education
  30. Master of Library and Information Science
  31. Master of Science (Counselling and Family Therapy)
  32. Master of Science (Food and Nutrition)
  33. Master of Science (Hospitality Administration)
  34. Master of Social Work
  35. Master of Tourism & Travel Management
  36. Masters in Anthropology
  37. MSc (Mathematics with Applications in Computer Science)

M.Phil Courses

INDRA GANDHI OPEN UNIVERSITY (IGNOU) 
HOME > IGNOU PROGRAMMSM.Phil Courses

This is a total of 11 courses which comes under M.Phil. To know more about them, click on the list below and find out about your mindless course.

M.Phil (11) Courses 

  1. M.Phil in Distance Education
  2. M.Phil in Economics
  3. M.Phil. in Geography
  4. Master of Philosophy in Commerce
  5. Master of Philosophy in Journalism and Mass Communication
  6. Master of Philosophy in Political Science
  7. Master of Philosophy in Social Work
  8. Master of Philosophy in Sociology
  9. Master of Philosophy in Theatre Arts
  10. Master of Philosophy in Translation Studies
  11. MPHIL in Chemistry


    Saturday, June 27, 2020

    Doctoral Degree Courses

    INDRA GANDHI OPEN UNIVERSITY (IGNOU) 
    HOME > IGNOU PROGRAMMS > Doctoral Degree

    This is a total of 42 courses which comes under Doctoral Degree. To know more about them, click on the list below and find out about your mindless course.

    Doctoral Degree (42) Courses 

    1. Doctor of Philosophy in Geography
    2. Doctor of Philosophy in Performing and Visual Arts with specialization in Fine Arts, Theatre Arts and Music
    3. Doctor of Philosophy Computer Science
    4. Doctor of Philosophy in Food & Nutrition
    5. Doctor of Philosophy in Rural Development
    6. Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Extension
    7. Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology
    8. Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry
    9. Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry
    10. Doctor of Philosophy in Commerce
    11. Doctor of Philosophy in Economics
    12. Doctor of Philosophy in Education
    13. Doctor of Philosophy in English
    14. Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science
    15. Doctor of Philosophy in Extension & Development Studies
    16. Doctor of Philosophy in Geology
    17. Doctor of Philosophy in Hindi
    18. Doctor of Philosophy in History
    19. Doctor of Philosophy in Inter-disciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Studies
    20. Doctor of Philosophy in Journalism & Mass Communication
    21. Doctor of Philosophy in Law
    22. Doctor of Philosophy in Library & Information Science
    23. Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences
    24. Doctor of Philosophy in Management
    25. Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics
    26. Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing
    27. Doctor of Philosophy in Physics
    28. Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science
    29. Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology
    30. Doctor of Philosophy in Public Administration
    31. Doctor of Philosophy in Social Work
    32. Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology
    33. Doctor of Philosophy in Statistics
    34. Doctor of Philosophy in Tourism and Hospitality
    35. Doctor of Philosophy in Vocational Education
    36. Ph D in Arabic
    37. Ph.D in Dairy Science and Technology
    38. Ph.D in Distance Education
    39. Ph.D in French
    40. Ph.D. in Translation Studies
    41. PhD in Gender and Development Studies
    42. PhD in Women’s Studies

    Friday, June 26, 2020

    Procedure of admission in IGNOU 2020

    The procedure of admission in  Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) 2020


    Keep these things in mind to get admission in Indira Gandhi National Open University.

    Is it compulsory to register myself before submitting an admission form online?

    Yes, it is compulsory to register with our Online Admission System before you can submit your admission form online.


    Is Email address compulsory to fill online application form?

    Yes, you are required to use E-mail address to register for Online Admission.

    If the power/internet connection fails during the application process, what should I do?

    Since the data is saved at the end of every stage with the 'Save' button, your data is automatically saved till the previous stage. If you are within a particular stage and the system is interrupted due to power failure or loss of connectivity, then your current stage data will not be saved. Please log in again using your ID and password and complete the form submission process from the stage where the system got interrupted.

    What is the detailed process for submission of online application form and action to be taken by the candidate?

    The submission of admission form passes through the following stages:

    *Open the URL (https://ignouadmission.samarth.edu.in)
    *Complete Registration process (which creates ‘User Name’ and ‘Password’ for you).
    *Your ‘User Name’ and ‘Password’ is informed through SMS and email.
    *Re-login to the system using your ‘User Name’ and ‘Password.’
    *Fill Admission Form online.
    *Upload your recent passport size Photograph (maximum size 100KB  in JPG format).
    *Upload your specimen signature (maximum size 100KB  in JPG format).
    *Upload scanned copies of the relevant documents (maximum size 200KB each document in *JPG/PDF format).
    *Read the instruction and declaration carefully by clicking the ‘Declaration’ box.
    *Preview your data and confirm details.
    *Make payment of Fee through the Credit/Debit card/Net Banking.
    *Payment confirmation message is sent to you through SMS and email.
    *Press Next button to see the form preview.
    *After the final submission of online application form, your may download the filled in application *form and keep a printout for your record.
    *How should I pay the programme fee?
    *Programme fee for online Admission can be paid through credit/debit card/ net banking.

    What kinds of Credit/Debit cards are accepted for payment of the programme fee? Is there Internet banking facility is also available?

    The Visa and Master Cards are accepted for making the payment of programme fee. Yes, the payment of fee can also be made through Net Banking.

    Payment has been deducted from Credit Card/Debit Card/ my account but I have not received any confirmation. What should I do?

    If the payment has been deducted but you did not get acknowledgement for the same, please email the transaction details including the Control Number, your name, programme opted, mobile number, amount paid etc. to the Centralised Student Registration Cell at 011-29571301 or 011-29571528. You can email at csrc@ignou.ac.in. If required, you may escalate and submit your grievance to our website at http://igram.ignou.ac.in/.

    After Payment of the application fee, what information shall I receive through email/ SMS?

    You will get the confirmation of payment made by you through SMS as well as email.

    Where do I have to contact after successful submission of form?


    Once the application Form is successfully submitted, your form will be scrutinised by IGNOU staff and if it fulfils the eligibility criteria you will receive a confirmation to that effect at your registered email address. If a deficiency is found in the application, you will receive a communication from IGNOU informing you about the discrepancy. After successful processing of your form, the University will provide you further information with regard to confirmation of your admission, allotment of study centre and other details for induction etc. in due course of time.


    Thursday, June 25, 2020

    GUIDELINES AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUBMISSION OF ON-LINE EXAMINATION FORM FOR JUNE-2020

    GUIDELINES AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUBMISSION OF ON-LINE EXAMINATION FORM FOR JUNE-2020





    EXAMINATION FOR TEE-JUNE 2020 HAS BEEN POSTPONED. CLICK HERE TO VIEW NOTICE

    LAST DATE FOR SUBMISSION OF ONLINE EXAMINATION FORM WITHOUT LATE FEE HAS BEEN EXTENDED UPTO 30 JUNE 2020.


    DatesAmount of late fee wherever applicableEXAM CENTRE
    11th March, 2020 to 31st March, 2020Nil
    (WITHOUT  LATE FEE)
    The exam centre will be allotted on first come first basis. In case the sitting at the centre has exhausted you may please select the alternate centre.
    1st April, 2020 to 30 June, 2020Nil
    (WITHOUT  LATE FEE)



    PRE-REQUISITE FOR SUBMISSION OF EXAM FORM:
    Please ensure:-
    Required number of assignment(s) as applicable for the course(s) filled for appearing in the TEE have been submitted;
    Registration for the course(s) is valid and not time barred




    SUBMISSION OF EXAM FORM


    NOTE: JAIL INMATES ARE ADVISED TO SUBMIT EXAM FORM THROUGH THE CONCERNED REGIONAL CENTRE ONLY. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES THE JAIL INMATE WILL BE PERMITTED TO APPEAR FOR EXAMS IN REGULAR EXAM CENTRES, AS EXAM CENTRE ARE ACTIVATED IN JAIL ITSELF.

    • Efforts are made to allot the exam centre of your choice. However, the exam centres have limited sittings, hence it is advisable to fill the exam form without waiting for the last date. In case the sitting at the exam centre of your choice has exhausted, you may please opt for the alternate exam centre from the list of centres available in the link;
    • December, 2019 Term-end Examination result is available on IGNOU website (www.ignou.ac.in) In case result of any course is not declared, you are advised to fill the exam form without waiting for the result to avoid late fee charge.
    • At the time of filling of the examination form if registration is not found valid, or course(s) for which you are eligible for appearing the June, 2020 TEE is not reflected in the box, you are advised to approach REGISTRAR , SRD (registrarsrd@ignou.ac.in) or phone no. 011-29571301
    • NOTE:-Answers to the question paper will only be accepted in the language(s) in which the programme is offered. Answer script attempted in any other language will not be evaluated and cancelled without any information. Student(s) will be required to re-appear in the examination of the course(s). However, students have an option to attempt the examination of the courses in Hindi medium irrespective of registration of the same in English medium (except for languages).

    PROCESS OF EXAM FORM SUBMITTION:-
    • Enter correct programme code, enrolment number and the Regional Centre from where you want to appear in exam. In case programme code or enrolment number is wrong you will not be permitted to fill the exam form;
    • Opt for the exam centre from the list available (the exam centre code is made available Regional Centre wise ). Hence fill the Regional Centre code carefully.
    • Allotment of exam centre is based on first come first basis. In case at the choice of exam centre if the sitting is full, you will have option to select another exam centre which is nearest to it.
    • PLEASE ENSURE THAT THE EXAM FORM FOR ALL THE COURSES FOR WHICH EXAMS ARE TO BE TAKEN ARE FILLED IN ONE INSTANCE ONLY. As next attempt to add the course can result in change of exam centre/non availability of sitting at the exam centre.
    • In case date of exam for two courses is same, however, the courses are of different years/semester IT WILL NOT BE CONSIDERED AS CLASH.
    • BDP STUDENTS: please note that the exam of courses in a particular group (Group1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) is conducted on same day, date and time.

    EXAM FEE AND MODE OF PAYMENT
    Courses Examination Fee
    Theory Rs. 150/- per course
    Practical & Lab Rs. 150/- per course
    • Students may select any one payment gateway (HDFC or IDBI Bank) to make payment using Debit Card/Credit Card & through Internet Banking of any banks.
    • Examination fee once paid shall neither be adjusted with any other Exams nor refunded.
    • In case of wrong/excess deduction of examination fee, the same will be credited to the account from which the payment was made after due verification.
    • Once all the parts of the examination form are filled, the summary of the same will be reflected on screen before proceeding for payment.
    • Take the print out of the acknowledgement receipt indicating the control number for future use.
    • In case the payment is deducted but no acknowledgement receipt is generated, the student is advised to wait for 72 hours to check the status of the Examination Form through SEARCH OPTION.
    • Student is required to re-submit the examination form, if no status is appears in the search option. For any quarries regarding refund of deducted amount, please send an email to termendexam@ignou.ac.in with subject line as "REFUND OF EXCESS EXAM FEE".
    • The exam form MUST be filled with utmost care and accuracy
    • Click here to view Program wise Date Sheet
    • Click here to view List of Examination Centre

    REFUND OF EXCESS/UNSECCUSSFUL EXAMINATION FEE
    • In case of excess and unsuccessful payment, the student is required to approach bank to take the charge back after the issuance of Hall Ticket.
    • The result shall be with held/cancelled for the students who have taken back the examination fee paid through charge back process.
    • The excess/unsuccessful fee amount will be refunded to the account from which the payment was made, after due verification from the concerned bank.

    ISSUE OF HALL TICKET
    • Hall Ticket will be uploaded on the University website ( www.ignou.ac.in) approximately 10 days before the commencement of the Term-end Examination.
    • Take the print out of the Hall Ticket and report at the address of the Examination Centre mentioned on the Hall Ticket.
    • Entry to the Examination Hall is strictly on the basis of the valid Hall Ticket and University Identity Card
    • Request towards add on of course (s) in the Hall Ticket after updating of Hall Ticket on the website will not be entertained.

    USING UNFAIR MEANS (UFM)
    • University has right to cancel or withheld the result of all the courses ( Statute 20(2) of the IGNOU Act) in case found guilty in using any kind of UNFAIR MEANS (UFM) in whole examination period.
    • In order to maintain the sanctity of the examination, the student is advised not to indulge himself in any anti social activities like arguing with the staff & with the fellow students which distract the smooth running of the examination, to damage the Examination centre property, destroy the Answer Books/Question Paper and any kind of thread to anybody within the premises of the examination entre during the examination. If found, the result will be cancelled for all courses and legal action will be initiated against the student.
    • Use of Mobile Phones/Electronic Devices is strictly prohibited in the premises of IGNOU Examination Centres. Such student shall be liable for penal action for Possession/Use of Mobile Phones/Electronic Devices.
    • In case of IMPERSONATION, the candidature of the student will be cancelled from the role of the University. The person will be handed over to the Local Police Station.

    CHANGE OF EXAMINATION CENTRE
    • After submission of examination form in case any student desires to change the examination centre. On-line portal for the purpose will be opened for a period of five days from 1st May, 2020 to 5th May, 2020. Students are advised to submit their request through the portal. After 5th May, 2020 NO REQUEST FOR CHANGE OF EXAMINATION CENTRE WILL BE ENTERTAINED BY THE UNIVERSITY.
    NOTE: EXAMS OF FST, BSHF-101 AND BEVAE-181 COURSES WILL BE MCQ TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS) TO BE CONDUCTED ON OMR SHEET. DURATION OF THE EXAM IS TWO HOURS.


    WHOM TO CONTACT
    • For any quarries regarding non receipt of the control number or about status of Examination Form, please send an email to termendexam@ignou.ac.in or contact over phone no. 011-29572209.

    NOTE: INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS ARE REQUESTED TO DOWNLOAD THE EXAMINATION FORM FROM THE PROSPECTUS FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS ON THE WEBSITE AND SUBMIT THE SAME TO INTERNATIONAL DIVISION DIRECTLY BY THE FOREIGN STUDENTS RESIDING IN INDIA AND THROUGH THEIR RESPECTIVE OVERSEAS STUDY CENTRES BY THE OVERSEAS STUDENTS. FOR QUERY, IF ANY, YOU MAY CONTACT OVER TELEPHONE NOS. 011-011-29571689 AND 011-29571690 OR SEND EMAIL TO internationaldivision@ignou.ac.in

    NOTE : This is not official site of ignou , proceed your application by below link : blow link is official ignou website .
     

    Tuesday, August 13, 2019

    Sunday, June 16, 2019

    Data Independence in DBMS

    Data Independence in DBMS: Physical & Logical with Examples

    What is Data Independence of DBMS?

    Data Independence is defined as a property of DBMS that helps you to change the Database schema at one level of a database system without requiring to change the schema at the next higher level. Data independence helps you to keep data separated from all programs that make use of it.
    You can use this stored data for computing and presentation. In many systems, data independence is an essential function for components of the system.

    Types of Data Independence

    In DBMS there are two types of data independence
    1. Physical data independence
    2. Logical data independence.

    Levels of Database

    Before we learn Data Independence, a refresher on Database Levels is important. The database has 3 levels as shown in the diagram below
    1. Physical/Internal
    2. Conceptual
    3. External
    Consider an Example of a University Database. At the different levels this is how the implementation will look like:
    Type of SchemaImplementation
    External SchemaView 1: Course info(cid:int,cname:string) 
    View 2: studeninfo(id:int. name:string)
    Conceptual Shema
    Students(id: int, name: string, login: string, age: integer) 
    Courses(id: int, cname.string, credits:integer) 
    Enrolled(id: int, grade:string)
    
    Physical Schema
    • Relations stored as unordered files.
    • Index on the first column of Students.

    Physical Data Independence

    Physical data independence helps you to separate conceptual levels from the internal/physical levels. It allows you to provide a logical description of the database without the need to specify physical structures. Compared to Logical Independence, it is easy to achieve physical data independence.
    With Physical independence, you can easily change the physical storage structures or devices with an effect on the conceptual schema. Any change done would be absorbed by the mapping between the conceptual and internal levels. Physical data independence is achieved by the presence of the internal level of the database and then the transformation from the conceptual level of the database to the internal level.

    Examples of changes under Physical Data Independence

    Due to Physical independence, any of the below change will not affect the conceptual layer.
    • Using a new storage device like Hard Drive or Magnetic Tapes
    • Modifying the file organization technique in the Database
    • Switching to different data structures.
    • Changing the access method.
    • Modifying indexes.
    • Changes to compression techniques or hashing algorithms.
    • Change of Location of Database from say C drive to D Drive

    Logical Data Independence

    Logical Data Independence is the ability to change the conceptual scheme without changing
    1. External views
    2. External API or programs
    Any change made will be absorbed by the mapping between external and conceptual levels.
    When compared to Physical Data independence, it is challenging to achieve logical data independence.

    Examples of changes under Logical Data Independence

    Due to Logical independence, any of the below change will not affect the external layer.
    1. Add/Modify/Delete a new attribute, entity or relationship is possible without a rewrite of existing application programs
    2. Merging two records into one
    3. Breaking an existing record into two or more records

    Difference between Physical and Logical Data Independence

    Logica Data IndependencePhysical Data Independence
    Logical Data Independence is mainly concerned with the structure or changing the data definition.Mainly concerned with the storage of the data.
    It is difficult as the retrieving of data is mainly dependent on the logical structure of data.It is easy to retrieve.
    Compared to Logic Physical independence it is difficult to achieve logical data independence.Compared to Logical Independence it is easy to achieve physical data independence.
    You need to make changes in the Application program if new fields are added or deleted from the database.A change in the physical level usually does not need change at the Application program level.
    Modification at the logical levels is significant whenever the logical structures of the database are changed.Modifications made at the internal levels may or may not be needed to improve the performance of the structure.
    Concerned with conceptual schemaConcerned with internal schema
    Example: Add/Modify/Delete a new attributeExample: change in compression techniques, hashing algorithms, storage devices, etc

    Importance of Data Independence

    • Helps you to improve the quality of the data
    • Database system maintenance becomes affordable
    • Enforcement of standards and improvement in database security
    • You don't need to alter data structure in application programs
    • Permit developers to focus on the general structure of the Database rather than worrying about the internal implementation
    • It allows you to improve state which is undamaged or undivided
    • Database incongruity is vastly reduced.
    • Easily make modifications in the physical level is needed to improve the performance of the system.

    Distributed database

    Distributed database(DDBMS)

    A distributed database is a database that consists of two or more files located in different sites either on the same network or on entirely different networks. Portions of the database are stored in multiple physical locations and processing is distributed among multiple database nodes.

    A centralized distributed database management system (DDBMS) integrates data logically so it can be managed as if it were all stored in the same location. The DDBMS synchronizes all the data periodically and ensures that data updates and deletes performed at one location will be automatically reflected in the data stored elsewhere.By contrast, a centralized database consists of a single database file located at one site using a single network.


    Features of distributed databases

    When in a collection, distributed databases are logically interrelated with each other, and they often represent a single logical database. With distributed databases, data is physically stored across multiple sites and independently managed. The processors on each site are connected by a network, and they don't have any multiprocessing configuration.



    A common misconception is that a distributed database is a loosely connected file system. In reality, it's much more complicated than that. Distributed databases incorporate transaction processing, but are not synonymous with transaction processing systems.
    In general, distributed databases include the following features:
    • Location independent
    • Distributed query processing
    • Distributed transaction management
    • Hardware independent
    • Operating system independent
    • Network independent
    • Transaction transparency
    • DBMS independent

    Distributed database architecture

    Distributed databases can be homogenous or heterogeneous.
    In a homogenous distributed database system, all the physical locations have the same underlying hardware and run the same operating systems and database applications. Homogenous distributed database systems appear to the user as a single system, and they can be much easier to design and manage. For a distributed database system to be homogenous, the data structures at each location must be either identical or compatible. The database application used at each location must also be either identical or compatible.
    In a heterogeneous distributed database, the hardware, operating systems or database applications may be different at each location. Different sites may use different schemas and software, although a difference in schema can make query and transaction processing difficult.
    Different nodes may have different hardware, software and data structure, or they may be in locations that are not compatible. Users at one location may be able to read data at another location but not upload or alter it. Heterogeneous distributed databases are often difficult to use, making them economically infeasible for many businesses.

    • Advantages of distributed databases

    There are many advantages to using distributed databases.
    Distributed databases are capable of modular development, meaning that systems can be expanded by adding new computers and local data to the new site and connecting them to the distributed system without interruption.
    When failures occur in centralized databases, the system comes to a complete stop. When a component fails in distributed database systems, however, the system will continue to function at reduced performance until the error is fixed.
    Admins can achieve lower communication costs for distributed database systems if the data is located close to where it is used the most. This is not possible in centralized systems.

    • Types of distributed databases

    Replicated data is used to create instances of data in different parts of the database. By using replicated data, distributed databases can access identical data locally, thus avoiding traffic. Replicated data can be divided into two categories: read-only and writable data.
    Read-only versions of replicated data allow revisions only to the first instance; subsequent enterprise data replications are then adjusted. Writable data can be altered, but the first instance is immediately changed.